2022年5月25日，最高人民法院发布《最高人民法院关于加强区块链司法应用的意见》(以下简称《意见》)。这是人民法院深入贯彻习近平法治思想和习近平总书记关于推动区块链科技创新发展重要指示精神的具体举措。将进一步推动人民法院运用以区块链为代表的关键技术，加快人民法院数字化转型，打造更高水平的数字司法，促进法治与科技的深度融合，推动智慧法治建设迈上更高台阶。
以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视区块链技术的应用和发展。习近平总书记强调，要把区块链作为核心技术自主创新的重要突破口，加快区块链科技和产业创新发展，积极推动区块链发展和经济社会融合发展。近年来，人民法院大力推进区块链技术在司法领域的应用，为人民法院搭建了司法区块链平台。司法区块链证书超过22亿张，存储证据、智能辅助、档案管理等应用效率和规范性。得到了持续改进，电子证据、电子交付、验证和防篡改等应用场景卓有成效。
为进一步加强区块链在司法领域的运用，充分发挥区块链在增进司法信任、服务社会治理、防范化解风险、推动高质量发展中的作用，最高人民法院在充分调研、广泛征求意见、多方论证的基础上，制定并颁布了《意见》。《意见》包括七个部分32篇文章。明确了人民法院加强区块链司法适用的总体要求和人民法院搭建区块链平台的要求。提出了区块链技术在提升司法公信力、提高司法效率、增强司法协同、服务经济社会治理四个典型场景的应用方向，明确了区块链应用的保障措施。《意见》具有以下显著特征：
首先，建议建立一个互联共享的区块链司法联盟。
从0755到79000，提出到2025年，建成人民法院和社会各界共享的区块链联盟，数据验证、可信运行、智能签约、跨链协作等基础支撑能力大幅提升。司法区块链跨链联盟将融入经济社会运行体系，积极服务营商环境优化、经济社会治理、风险防范化解和产业创新发展，服务平安中国、法治中国、数字中国、诚信中国建设。
二是明确了人民法院区块链平台的建设要求。
《意见》明确要求人民法院加强区块链应用顶层设计，持续推进跨链协同应用能力建设，提升司法区块链技术能力，建设互联网司法区块链验证平台，建立健全标准规范体系。《意见》建议建设开放共享的全国法院司法区块链平台，加强各行业司法区块链平台和区块链平台跨链联盟建设，不断提高协同能力；要在互联网上建设司法区块链验证平台，支持当事人等相关主体验证调解数据、电子证据、诉讼文书等司法数据的真实性。
三是利用区块链数据防篡改技术提升司法公信力。
《意见》建议推进人民法院电子卷宗、电子档案、司法统计报表等司法数据的网上存储，推进案件等数据和操作的网上存储，推进司法数据的统一存储
四是提出应用区块链优化业务流程提高司法效率。 《意见》 提出支持立案信息流转应用、调解与审判流程衔接应用、审判与执行流程衔接联动、提升执行效率、支持执行干警便捷办案等五个典型应用场景，提高业务流程自动化水平，提升司法效率。 《意见》 提出建立调解协议不履行自动触发审判立案、执行立案等业务规则和智能合约程序，增强调解程序司法权威，支持多元纠纷化解。
五是提出应用区块链互通联动促进司法协同。
《意见》 提出构建人民法院与司法行政部门跨链协同应用，支持实现参与诉讼活动的律师资质、信用报告在线查询及核验，提高核验实时性；提出构建人民法院与检察、公安、司法行政等部门的跨链协同应用，提高案件在线流转效率和数据互信水平；构建人民法院与行政执法、不动产登记、金融证券保险机构、联合信用惩戒等单位的跨链协同应用，建立自动化执行查控和信用惩戒模式，提高协同执行工作效率。
六是提出利用区块链联盟互信服务经济社会治理。
《意见》 提出推进构建与知识产权、市场监管、产权登记、交易平台、数据权属、数据交易、金融机构、相关政府部门等区块链平台跨链协同应用机制，支持知识产权保护、营商环境优化、数据开发利用、金融信息流转应用、企业破产重组、征信体系建设等。
2022年5月25日，中华人民共和国最高人民法院发布《最高人民法院关于加强区块链在司法领域应用的意见》(以下简称《意见》),这标志着人民法院深入贯彻习法治思想和习近平总书记关于推动区块链技术创新发展的宝贵指示的具体行动。通过进一步推动人民法院以区块链为代表的关键技术为支撑，加快数字化转型，实现更高水平的数字司法，《意见》将推动法治与科技的深度融合发展和更高质量的智能法治。
以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视区块链技术的应用和发展。习近平总书记指出，要把区块链作为自主创新核心技术的重要突破口，加快推进区块链科技和产业创新发展，积极推动区块链经济社会一体化发展。近年来，人民法院积极推进区块链在司法领域的应用，建立了司法区块链平台，司法区块链存储了超过22亿条证据。这些平台在证据存储和固化、智能辅助、案件档案管理等方面的应用效率和标准化程度不断提高。并利用区块链在确保电子证据和电子服务安全存储、在线验证、防篡改和其他应用场景方面的优势。
为加强区块链在司法领域的应用，充分发挥区块链在夯实司法公信力、便利社会治理、防范化解风险、推动高质量发展等方面的作用。最高人民法院在全面调研、广泛征求意见、充分论证的基础上，制定并发布了《意见》。《意见》明确了司法领域区块链应用的总体要求和人民法院区块链平台建设要求，规划了区块链技术助力提升司法公信力、司法效率、司法协同、经济社会治理的四大典型应用场景，明确了区块链应用的保障措施。《意见》的特点包括以下六个方面：
一是提出建立互联互通、共享共享的区块链司法联盟。根据《意见》,到2025年，人民法院和社会各界将形成互联共享的区块链联盟，具备数据验证、可信运行、智能合同、互操作协作等基础支撑能力。得到显著改善。届时，司法区块链互联互通联盟将融入经济社会运行体系，为改善商业环境、经济社会治理、风险防范和化解、产业创新发展做出积极贡献，支持中国成为和平、数字化、诚信的法治国家，打造中国特色司法领域世界领先的区块链应用模式。
二是明确了人民法院区块链平台建设要求。《意见》明确，人民法院要加强区块链应用顶层设计，不断推进互操作协同应用能力建设，提升司法区块链技术能力，建设基于互联网的司法区块链验证平台，建立和优化标准体系。此外，《意见》明确，要在全国人民法院之间建立开放共享的司法区块链平台，推动司法区块链平台与社会各界互联互通联盟的发展，不断增强协同效应，并在互联网上建设司法区块链验证平台，使当事人和其他相关主体能够验证调解数据、电子证据、诉讼文书等司法数据的真实性。
第三，提出利用区块链的数据防篡改技术提升司法公信力。《意见》要求，人民法院的司法数据，包括电子案卷、电子档案、司法统计报表等，有望存储在区块链上。此外，需要将执行案件的数据和操作存储在区块链上，将人民法院送达的诉讼文书和送达回证统一存储在司法区块链平台上，以确保司法数据的安全性和操作的合规性。《意见》还规定，要完善区块链平台的证据验证功能，使当事人和法官能够在线验证存储在区块链的电子证据，以有助于建立健全区块链存储的标准和规则，提高电子证据鉴定的效率和质量。
四是提出应用区块链优化业务流程，不断提高司法效率。《意见》概述了五个典型的应用场景，其中区块链实现了立案信息的流通和应用、调解与审判程序之间的关联应用、审判与执行程序之间的关联应用、执行效率的提高，并使执法人员和警务人员能够更方便地处理案件，使更自动化的业务流程和更高的司法效率成为可能。此外，《意见》拟对未履行调解协议时自动启动审判程序或执行程序以及启动智能合同程序设定操作规则，以巩固调解程序的司法权威，支持个性化纠纷解决。
第五，建议利用区块链互联互通加强司法协作。《意见》倡导实现人民法院与行政机关的互操作协同应用，实现诉讼活动中律师资格和信用报告的在线查询和验证，时间效率更高；实现人民法院与检察、公安、司法、行政等机关的互操作协同应用，提高网上案件流转效率和数据互信；实现人民法院与行政执法、不动产登记、金融证券、保险等机构或者信用惩戒协作实施机构之间的互操作协同应用。开发执法中自动查控、信用惩戒的模式，提高协同执法的工作效率。
第六，提议利用区块链联盟的相互信任来促进经济和社会治理。《意见》提出，与区块链知识产权、市场监管、产权登记、交易、数据所有权、在线数据交易、金融机构、相关政府部门等平台建立互通协作机制。支持知识产权保护、营商环境改善、数据开发利用、金融信息流通应用、企业破产重组、信用体系建设等。
法发〔2022〕16号
最高人民法院关于加强区块链司法应用的意见
为深入贯彻落实习近平法治思想和习近平总书记关于积极推动区块链技术为人民群众提供更加智能、更加便捷、更加优质公共服务的重要指示精神，贯彻落实《意见》 和《意见》 ,充分发挥区块链在促进司法公信、服务社会治理、防范化解风险、推动高质量发展等方面的作用，全面深化智慧法院建设，推进审判体系和审判能力现代化，结合人民法院工作实际，制定本意见。
一、总体要求
（一)指导思想。以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，深入贯彻习近平法治思想和习近平总书记关于网络强国的重要思想，紧紧围绕\”努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义\”的目标，坚持服务大局、司法为民、公正司法，大力推动区块链技术与多元解纷、诉讼服务、审判执行和司法管理工作深度融合，积极应用区块链平台服务社会治理、优化营商环境、加强诚信体系建设、防范化解重大风险、支持构建新发展格局，努力创造更高水平的数字正义。
(2)总体目标。到2025年，建成人民法院和社会各界共享的区块链联盟，形成区块链司法领域较为完整的应用标准体系。数据验证、可信运营、智能合约、跨链协同等基础支撑能力将大幅提升；区块链在多元化纠纷解决、诉讼服务、审判执行和司法管理中得到充分应用，有效促进了司法公信，提高了司法效率，加强了廉洁司法；司法区块链跨链联盟融入经济社会运行体系，实现与政治、法律、工商、金融、环保、征信等领域的跨链信息共享与协同，积极服务营商环境优化、经济社会治理、风险防范化解、产业创新发展，助力平安中国、法治中国、数字中国、诚信中国建设，形成世界领先的区块链司法应用模式，为新时代中国经济社会数字化转型和高质量发展提供强有力的司法保障。
(3)基本原则
坚持依法统筹，注重协调联动。依法依规加强区块链基础设施统筹规划，面向经济社会发展和审判执行需求，开展区块链司法应用顶层设计，加强与各行各业的跨链协同应用模式研究，推进多方数据共享和协同应用。
坚持开放共享，注重标准先行。构建与各行各业互通共享的区块链联盟，形成共性基础技术支撑能力，建立统一开放的区块链司法应用技术标准体系，为跨部门节点接入和跨行业数据共同维护利用提供标准化服务。
坚持应用牵引，注重创新发展。以司法为民、公正司法、服务社会治理为牵引，充分发挥区块链在优化业务流程、提升协同效率、构建诚信体系等方面的作用，不断推进区块链在司法领域的深入应用，不断提升跨域自动执行能力。
坚持安全可靠，注重有序推进。在安全可信的前提下，努力提高上行数据和智能合约的准确性和可控性，保障数据安全，保护个人信息，推动区块链在司法领域形成稳定有序、安全可靠的应用生态。
二、人民法院区块链平台建设要求(四)加强区块链应用的顶层设计。按照法律规范的要求，按照高效内外协同的总体思路，针对法院业务应用和服务社会治理的协同应用需求，系统地进行司法领域区块链应用的场景设计。针对内外网协同应用需求，形成全国统一的区块链总体建设方案，支持跨网络、跨链条的协同司法应用。
(5)继续推进跨链协同应用能力建设。针对主动服务经济社会治理和司法业务的应用场景，建设基于分布式识别、互联互通、跨链互信的区块链联盟基础设施，有效整合实施区块链现有建设成果，充分发挥联盟链的技术特性，加强司法区块链平台与各行业区块链平台的跨链联盟建设，不断提升协同性。
(6)提高司法区块链的技术能力。结合优势力量进行关键技术攻关，建设开放共享的全国法院司法区块链平台，提升数据验证、可信运行、智能合同、跨链协同等基础技术能力，支持各级人民法院基于司法链平台开展业务创新和应用。
(7)建设互联网司法区块链验证平台。停下
第三，充分利用区块链数据防篡改技术，进一步提升司法公信力(九)确保司法数据安全。推进人民法院电子卷宗、电子档案、司法统计报表、结案情况等司法数据网上存储，确保司法数据防篡改，提高数据安全性。
(十)确保电子证据的可信度。完善区块链平台的证据验证功能，支持当事人和法官通过区块链在线对存储的电子证据进行验证，推动完善区块链存储的标准和规则，提高电子证据鉴定的效率和质量。
(十一)确保实施操作合规。推进案件信息、当事人信息、组织信息、执行通知、财产查控、财产处置、案件款项收付、信用惩戒、执法取证、执行互动、案件结案、卷宗归档等数据和操作。常态化开展全业务流程操作安全审计，进一步规范执行操作行为，探索执行检查、控制等敏感操作在线闭环验证，确保可靠性和正确性。
(十二)保障司法文书的权威。推动人民法院送达的诉讼文书和送达回执在司法区块链平台统一存储，支持在互联网端查阅送达文书，确保整个送达过程的安全可靠，维护司法权威。
四是充分发挥区块链在优化业务流程、持续提升司法效率中的重要作用(十三)支持立案信息流转应用。建立立案登记材料分类自动流转的业务规则，支持材料提交截止后案件分类自动立案，巩固立案登记制度改革成果，提高立案效率。
(十四)支持调解和审判程序的应用。调解协议的设立不履行自动触发审判立案、执行立案等业务规则和智能合同程序，增强调解程序的司法权威，支持多元纠纷的解决。
(十五)支持审判和执行流程联动。全面推进审判执行办案系统信息交换和数据共享，探索建立执行案件不履行裁判文书自动触发、立案等业务规则和联动机制，优化审判执行衔接，畅通信息流动，减少重复工作，支持切实解决执行难问题。
(十六)支持提高执行效率。探索建立符合规定的执行案件自动查询、冻结、扣划、自动支付的智能合同机制，在确保程序合规的前提下简化审批流程；建立对全款核对财产线索案件、不履行义务案件结案案件无需单独立案流程，即可自动立案、恢复执行的智能合同机制。
(十七)支持落实干警便捷办案。利用区块链技术，推动网络查控、评估拍卖、案件款项收发、失信限制、事项委托、随案生成电子档案等向移动端延伸，形成去中心化、网络化、系统化的数据序列，方便干警随时随地办理执行事务。
动词（verb的缩写）充分挖掘区块链互联互通的巨大潜力，增强司法协同。(18)提高律师资格核验的协同性。针对律师资格核查的需求，建设人民法院和司法行政部门跨链协同应用，支持律师资格和参与诉讼活动信用报告的在线查询和核查，提高核查的实时性。
(十九)提高政法部门协调办案的能力。针对跨部门协同办理和市民化的需求
第六，充分利用区块链联盟互认信的价值属性，服务经济社会治理(二十一)保护知识产权。构建与版权、商标、专利等知识产权区块链平台的跨链协同机制，支持知识产权权属、登记、转让等信息的查询和核实，便利知识产权案件的证据认定，更好地服务国家创新驱动战略的实施。
(22)支持优化营商环境。构建与市场监管、产权登记和交易平台等区块链平台的跨链协同应用机制，支持企业基本信息、企业股权变动、企业间关系、不动产和动产权属状况、融资租赁、贵金属交易等权属登记和交易状况信息的查询和验证，便利权属认定和产权交易，推进基于数据和信用的分级监管体系建设，更好服务全国营商环境建设。
(二十三)支持数据开发利用。与数据归属、数据交易等区块链平台构建跨链协同应用机制，支持数据确权、数据交易等流程信息的查询和验证，助力数据要素的市场建设和数据价值的释放，更好地服务于国家大数据战略的实施。
(二十四)支持金融信息流应用。与金融机构区块链平台构建跨链协同应用机制，支持金融借款合同、信用卡审批、履行等信息的查询、核实和智能合同处置，更好地服务于金融风险的防范和化解。
(二十五)支持企业破产重组。与政府相关部门区块链平台构建跨链协同申请机制，支持债务人企业业务信息和涉诉执行信息共享，支持债权申报信息在线核查和交叉审查，在保障全体债权人知情权和查阅权的同时，加强债权审核的公开透明，进一步保障在线债权人会议的表决效力，更好地服务于市场主体的待遇和退出。
(二十六)支持征信体系建设。与全国信用信息共享平台、全国企业信用信息公示系统和失信惩戒部门构建跨链协同应用机制，支持失信被执行人和限制高消费信息的查询核实、智能合同处理，保障失信信息可信生成、安全传播和合规使用，更好发挥失信联合惩戒作用，助力完善基于信用的新型监管机制，服务社会信用体系建设。
七。保障措施(二十七)加强组织领导。各级人民法院要高度重视司法领域区块链的建设和应用，加强统筹协调，明确任务牵头部门负责区块链应用的整体推进和管理工作。
(二十八)建立协作机制。各级人民法院要统筹辖区内区块链适用的重点，会同其他政法单位和社会机构加强协作工作机制，共同推进区块链在司法领域的适用。
(二十九)加大支持力度。各级人民法院要将区块链应用纳入智慧法院规划实施，并与地方政府社会治理创新相结合，争取资金支持，加大推广力度。
(30)注重应用示范。各级人民法院要服务经济社会发展和人民法院业务需求，选择较为成熟的应用场景开展典型应用示范，形成可复制、可推广的创新模式。
(31)恩苏尔
为进一步贯彻落实习近平金平法治思想和习近平总书记关于积极推进区块链技术应用，为人民群众提供更加智能、便捷、优质的公共服务的指示精神，认真落实《国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划纲要(2021-2025年)》和《中华人民共和国2035年远景目标》及《国家信息化第十四个五年规划纲要(2021-2025年)》。《意见》结合人民法院的实际工作，旨在发挥区块链在巩固司法公信力、促进社会治理、防范化解风险、推动高质量发展等方面的作用。以加强智能法院在各方面的进步以及司法系统和司法能力的现代化。
一。总体需求
(1)指导思想。《意见》围绕\”努力确保人民在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义\”的目标，以习近平金平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，努力深入贯彻习近平金平法治思想，在网络空间建设中国力量，致力于服务大局，司法为民，维护司法公正。《意见》旨在大力推动区块链科技与个性化纠纷解决、诉讼服务、审判执行和司法行政的深度融合。中国人民法院需要积极利用区块链平台促进社会治理，优化商业环境，加强信用体系建设，防范和化解重大风险，建立新的发展范式，不遗余力地将数字司法提升到更高水平。
(2)总体目标。到2025年，形成人民法院与社会各界互联共享的区块链联盟，形成较为完整的司法领域区块链应用标准体系，具备数据验证、可信运行、智能合同、互操作协同等基础支撑能力。得到显著改善。此外，个性化的争议解决、诉讼服务、审判和执行以及司法管理将见证区块链技术的全面应用，这将有效地提高司法的可信度、效率和完整性。届时，司法区块链互联互通联盟将融入经济社会运行体系，实现与政法、工商、金融、环境、社会信用等部门的互联互通信息共享和协调，为改善营商环境、经济社会治理、风险防范和化解、产业创新发展做出积极贡献，支持中国成为一个和平、数字化、诚信的法治国家。培育世界领先的中国特色司法领域区块链应用模式，为新时代中国经济社会数字化转型和高质量发展提供卓越司法服务和坚实保障。
(3)基本原则。
追求以法律为基础的协调，强调协作和相互联系。要依法依规加强区块链基础设施的统筹规划，结合经济社会发展和审判执行工作的需要，对区块链在司法领域的应用进行顶层设计。应加强与各行各业的互操作协同应用模型的研究，促进各方之间的数据共享和协同应用。
坚持开放、共享和优先考虑标准。有必要建立一个互联互通、社会各界共享的区块链联盟，发展支撑共性基础技术的能力，建立统一开放的司法领域应用区块链的技术标准体系
tandardized services available to cross-departmental node access and joint maintenance and utilization of data across different industries.
Underlining application and valuing innovation-based development. Guided by the principles of administrating justice for the people, maintaining judicial fairness and facilitating social governance, it is necessary to give full play to the function of the blockchain in business process optimization, operation cost reduction, collaborative efficiency improvement, trusted system establishment, and other fields. Consistent efforts are required to promote the in-depth application of blockchain in the judicial field and to improve the performance of blockchain in cross-domain automatic enforcement.
Ensuring security and reliability and highlighting orderly progress. On the premise of security and trustworthiness, it is necessary to work hard to improve the accuracy and controllability of stored data and smart contracts on the blockchain, ensure data security, and protect personal information, in a bid to foster an environment of blockchain application in the judicial field with steady progress, orderly development, security and reliability.
II. Requirements on building the blockchain platforms of the people’s courts
(4) Strengthening top-level design of blockchain application. In accordance with laws and norms, and the overarching concept of internal and external efficient collaboration, it is required to systematically design the scenarios of blockchain application in the judicial field in response to the needs of coordinating the court work with the improvement of social governance. In view of the needs of collaboration between internal and external networks, an overall plan for building a blockchain that is unified nationwide, enables inter-network and interoperation judicial application should be developed.
(5) Constantly advancing capacity building for interoperation collaborative application. In order to actively serve the economic and social governance and application scenarios of judicial work, it is required to build the infrastructure of the blockchain alliance based on distributed identification, interconnectivity, and interoperation mutual trust, effectively integrate the enforcement blockchain construction achievements, give full play to the technical strengths of the alliance chain, and boost the development of the interoperation alliance of the judicial blockchain platform and that of all walks of life so as to constantly enhance synergy.
(6) Enhancing technical capabilities of the judicial blockchain. It is required to gather superior strengths to make a breakthrough in key technologies, create an open and shared judicial blockchain platform among people’s courts nationwide, improve basic technical capabilities such as data verification, trusted operation, smart contract and interoperation collaboration, etc., and support people’s courts at all levels to engage in innovative application based on the judicial blockchain platform.
(7) Building an Internet-based judicial blockchain verification platform. Based on the data of the national judicial blockchain platform, it is required to build a judicial blockchain verification platform on the Internet, which enables parties and other relevant subjects to verify the authenticity of mediation data, electronic evidence, litigation documents and other judicial data.
(8) Establishing and optimizing a standard system. It is required to establish and optimize the technical standards and management specification for the application of blockchain in the judicial field, and provide technical guidance and standardized access support for the interconnectivity, sharing and collaboration with blockchain platforms and nodes in relevant fields.
III. Making the most of the data tamper-proof technology of blockchain to further enhance judicial credibility
(9) Ensuring the security of judicial data. Judicial data of the people’s courts, including electronic case files, electronic archives, judicial statistical reports and the status of concluding cases, are expected to be stored on the blockchain, to make sure the judicial data are tamper-proof and enhance data security.
(10) Ensuring trustworthiness of electronic evidence. It is necessary to perfect the evidence verification function of the blockchain platform, which enables parties and judges to verify the electronic evidence stored on the blockchain online, so as to contribute to setting sound standards and rules for blockchain-based storage and improve the efficiency and quality of electronic evidence identification.
(11) Ensuring compliance of enforcement operations. It is necessary to store data and operations, such as information on enforcement cases, information of parties and organizations, notice of enforcement, investigation and control of property, disposal of property, collection and distribution of money related to the cases, credit-based punishment, evidence collection, interactions of enforcement, reporting and conclusion of cases, archiving of cases on the blockchain, regularly carry out a security audit on operation of the whole process to enhance the normativity of enforcement operations, and consider the method of online closed-loop examination of sensitive operations such as investigation and control in enforcement, so as to make sure reliability and accuracy.
(12) Ensuring the authority of judicial instruments. It is necessary to uniformly store litigation documents served by the people’s courts and receipts of service on the judicial blockchain platform, and allow online verification of served documents to make sure the security and reliability of the whole process of service, so as to eliminate concerns of the parties about the authenticity of served information and maintain the authority of judicial instruments being served.
IV. Giving full play of the essential role of blockchain in optimizing business processes to constantly improve judicial efficiency
(13) Enabling circulation and application of case-filing information. It is necessary to set operational rules on the classification and categorization and later automatic circulation of documents to be docketed so as to achieve the automatic docketing of cases after their classification and categorization upon the expiry of the prescribed period for submission of materials, consolidate the fruits of the reform on case-filing registration system and improve case-filing efficiency.
(14) Enabling connected application between mediation and trial procedures. It is necessary to set operational rules on automatically triggering the trial procedure or the enforcement procedure upon the failure to perform mediation agreements and launch the smart contract procedure, so as to cement judicial authority of the mediation procedure and support persified dispute resolution.
(15) Enabling the connection between trial and enforcement procedures. It is necessary to comprehensively advance the interoperability and sharing of information and data between trial and enforcement case handling systems, and explore the possibility of making rules and linkage mechanisms on automatically triggering the enforcement procedure upon the failure to perform judicial decisions, so as to optimize the convergence from trial to enforcement, ensure the information is transformed smoothly, reduce duplicate work and solve the problems of enforcement difficulties.
(16) Enhancing the efficiency of enforcement. It is necessary to explore the possibility of establishing a smart contract mechanism to automatically investigate, freeze and seize property in eligible enforcement cases and distribute money related to the enforcement cases, so as to simplify the approval process under the premise of ensuring procedural compliance; establishing a smart contract mechanism to automatically file a case and resume enforcement without filing a separate case for cases where the enforcement procedure was suspended after the enforcement of the whole property discovered by unified investigation clues and settlement cases of enforcement for non-fulfillment of obligations.
(17) Enabling enforcement officers and police staff to handle cases more conveniently. It is necessary to utilize blockchain technology to promote the extension to mobile ends and formation of decentralized, de-networked, de-systematized data strings for online investigation and control, evaluation and auction, collection and distribution of money related to the cases, restriction of consumption for credit-related punished people, matters entrusted and electronic files generated with the case to enable enforcement officers and police staff to handle enforcement matters more conveniently at anytime and anywhere.
V. Fully taping the tremendous potential of blockchain connectivity to enhance judicial collaboration
(18) Improving collaboration in verifying lawyers’ qualifications. In response to the needs of verifying lawyers’ qualifications, it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and administrative organs, to enable online inquiry and verification of qualifications and credit reports of lawyers in litigation activities, with higher time efficiency.
(19) Improving collaboration in case handling between political and legal organs. To facilitate cross-departmental collaboration in operation involved in abatement from penalty, release on parole, criminal, civil and commercial cases and certification of citizenship, it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and procuratorial, public security, judicial, administrative and other organs, so as to improve the efficiency of online case circulation and data mutual trust.
(20) Improving the capability of cross-departmental collaborative enforcement. To facilitate investigation and control of property subject to enforcement and cooperative punishment for judgment debtors subject to enforcement, it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and organs involved in administrative law enforcement, immovable property registration, financial securities and insurance, or organs cooperatively imposing credit-based punishment, etc. and develop a model of automatically carrying out investigation and control in enforcement and imposing credit-based punishment, so as to improve the working efficiency of collaborative enforcement.
VI. Leveraging properties of the blockchain alliance of mutual recognition and trustworthiness to facilitate economic and social governance
(21) Protecting intellectual property. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms for intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks and patents, and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to intellectual property ownership, registration, transfer and others to facilitate the evidence identification of intellectual property cases, so as to further push forward the implementation of the national innovation-driven development strategy.
(22) Supporting the improvement of the business environment. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms for market regulation, property registration, transactions and others, and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to the ownership registration and status of transactions, such as basic business profile, variation of corporate equities, correlation between businesses, ownership of immovables and movables, financial leasing, precious metal trading, to facilitate the identification of ownership and transactions of property rights, so as to intensify the development of the classified and categorized supervision system based on data and credit, and to further improve the national business environment.
(23) Underpinning data development and utilization. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms, such as data ownership, online data trading, etc., and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to data ownership confirmation and data trading and other processes as well as handling of smart contracts, to propel the construction of data markets and the release of data value, so as to better facilitate the implementation of the national big data strategy.
(24) Supporting circulation and application of financial information. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms of financial institutions, and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to approval, performance and default of financial loan contracts and credit cards as well as handling of smart contracts, so as to better contribute to preventing and resolving financial risks.
(25) Supporting bankruptcy and restructuring of enterprises. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms of relevant government departments, and enable interoperability and sharing of business information of debtor enterprises and information related to litigation and enforcement, and enable online verification and cross-examination of information of submission of creditor claims, strengthen open and transparent verification of creditor claims while safeguarding the right to information and access of all creditors, and further ensure the voting effectiveness of online creditors’ meetings to better serve the rescue and exit of market entities.
(26) Facilitating the construction of the credit system. It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with the National Credit Information Sharing Platform, the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System, and credit-breaking punishment organs, and enable inquiry about and online verification of information of the blacklist of judgment debtors and people banned from high-spending as well as handling of smart contracts, to make sure the judgment debtors’ information is generated reliably, transmitted securely and used compliantly, so as to further develop the function of cooperative punishment for credit-breaking inpiduals, contribute to improving the new credit-based supervision mechanism, and push forward the construction of the social credit system.
VII. Guarantee measures
(27) Cementing organizational leadership. People’s courts at all levels shall attach great importance to the development and application of blockchain in the judicial field, strengthen coordination, and specify leading departments in charge of overall progress and management of blockchain application.
(28) Establishing a collaborative mechanism. People’s courts at all levels shall coordinate priorities of blockchain application in their respective jurisdictions, unite political and legal departments, social organs and other forces to strengthen the collaborative working mechanism, jointly promoting blockchain application in the judicial field.
(29) Strengthening support. People’s courts at all levels shall incorporate blockchain application into the development plan of smart courts for coordinated implementation, and combine it with innovation of social governance of local governments, to seek funding support and expedite the progress.
(30) Paying attention to demonstration projects. People’s courts at all levels shall choose relatively mature application scenarios to launch demonstration projects, with focus on needs of the economic and social development and the business needs of the people\’s courts, to form innovative models that can be reproduced and popularized.
(31) Ensuring security and reliability. People’s courts at all levels shall optimize the pre-review, testing and evaluating mechanism to make sure the authenticity, accuracy and compliance of the stored data on the blockchain as well as the consistency of data on and off the chain, and make sure the legality, effectiveness, security and reliability of smart contracts.
(32) Taking active steps towards publicity and guidance. People’s courts at all levels shall intensify publicity and promotion of best practices, and provide training on blockchain application for court officers and police staff, to improve the effects of blockchain application in the judicial field on all fronts.
The Supreme People’s Court
May 23, 2022
编辑：潘园园
排版：孟祥宇
审核：刘 畅
